A small wild cat residing in Bolivia’s cloud forest has been recognized as a novel species, marking the first formal naming of a new living cat species in over a century. Known locally as Tilcayo, this cat belongs to a group referred to as tiger cats found widely in South America. Researchers discovered it in Bolivia’s lush Yungas forest, a mountainous area characterized by cloud-covered forests and high humidity. Measuring approximately 46 centimeters in length and weighing around three pounds, the Tilcayo cat is smaller than an average domestic cat.
Genetic analysis confirmed the cat as a distinct species, named Leopardus tilcayo, while retaining its local designation. Described as having light brown fur with irregular rosettes on its body, this cat’s biology and habits are still largely unknown. The presence of small rodent remains in scat samples suggests it includes them in its diet, with camera-trap evidence hinting at its nocturnal activity.
Tiger cats are cryptic species, challenging to differentiate based solely on appearance, as per evolutionary biologist Jonas Lescroart. Initially believed to be a single species, genetic studies hinted at multiple species within the tiger cat group. The newly identified species, Tilcayo, is based on examination of two live individuals and a few camera-trap records.
The research team’s DNA analysis of 38 cats from various South American countries, including museum specimens, revealed five genetically distinct tiger cat species. The Tilcayo lineage diverged from other tiger cats about 1.4 million years ago. A new tiger cat subspecies was also identified in Peru’s Yungas, named Leopardus tigrinus antisuyo after the region it inhabits.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature currently classifies tiger cats as two “vulnerable” species with declining populations. Researchers shared their findings for the IUCN’s review, which will evaluate the five lineages separately to better assess their conservation status. The Tilcayo cat and others may be considered endangered when individually assessed. The precarious situation in the Yungas due to deforestation, fires, and mining emphasizes the need for urgent conservation efforts.
The discovery of new species like the Tilcayo cat underscores the importance of conservation and the ongoing risk of species disappearing before being identified. This finding serves as a reminder that there are still many undiscovered species facing threats in the natural world.